Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes unmethylated bacterial CpG DNA and initiates a signaling cascade leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines.

pCpGvitro is a new family of expression vectors completely devoid of CpG dinucleotides that are selectable in mammalian cells.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific molecular patterns associated with microbial pathogens and induce the activation of host-defense genes.

The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against infectious pathogens and serves to limit their early proliferation. It is also vital in priming and activating the adaptive immune system.

Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the early innate immune response to invading pathogens by sensing microorganism and are involved in sensing endogenous danger signals.

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) comprise a large family of receptors that bind to carbohydrates in a calcium-dependent manner.

RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) constitute a family of cytoplasmic RNA helicases that are critical for host antiviral responses.

Luciferases encompass a wide range of enzymes used for bioluminescence, the emission of light produced by a living organism. Luciferases are highly prized bioindicators for life science research and drug discovery, owing to their remarkable sensitivity, lack of toxicity and wide dynamic range of quantitation.

The cytosolic NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs, also known as CATERPILLERs, NODs or NALP/PAN/PYPAFs) are nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing receptors.

InvivoGen offers a review of the autophagy intracellular process and how this phenomenon is tightly linked to patter recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathways.

The mucosal surfaces represent the largest area of exposure of the body to external pathogens. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), in its secretory form, is the main effector of the mucosal immune system and provides an important first line of defense against most pathogens that invade the body at a mucosal surface.

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family of proteins is involved in the regulation of innate immunity responses.

Adjuvants enhance and direct the adaptive immune response to vaccine antigens through various mechanisms, some of which are still poorly understood. Recently, STING and more generally the host nucleic acid sensing machinery were shown to play an essential role in vaccination.

The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved system acting as a first-line of defense against invading microbial pathogens and other potential threats to the host.

Cytosolic DNA is well-known to induce the production of type I interferons (IFNs) through the STING-TBK1-IRF3 axis but the mechanism whereby it is sensed remains elusive.