Glucagon (1-29) - GCGR Ligand - Sterile

Synthetic peptide - CAS #9007-92-5

ABOUT

Selective GCGR agonist – CAS #9007-92-5

Glucagon is a key metabolic hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating hepatic glucose production, making it highly relevant for diabetes research. Through activation of the glucagon receptor (GCGR), it stimulates intracellular signaling pathways that promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, thereby increasing circulating glucose levels and counteracting insulin action. Moreover, glucagon influences lipid metabolism and energy expenditure. Because of its central role in metabolic homeostasis, modulation of the glucagon–GCGR signaling axis is explored as a therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders including diabetes, obesity, and cardiometabolic diseases.

More details More details

The biologically active form of glucagon is the 29-amino acid peptide glucagon (1–29), generated by post-translational processing of proglucagon. Its amino-acid sequence is highly conserved across many species, including human, mouse, rat, hamster, porcine, bovine, and rhesus monkey. Shorter fragments, including glucagon (1–21), glucagon (19–29), and glucagon (22–29), can arise from enzymatic degradation of the native peptide and display little or no GCGR activity.

InvivoGen Glucagon (1–29) is highly pure and guaranteed sterile, making it suitable for in vivo studies. The biological activity is validated using a colorimetric bioassay consisting of the engineered cell line HEK-Blue™ Glucagon expressing the GCGR together with a CREB-inducible SEAP reporter gene (see figure).

 

Key features

  • Each lot is validated using HEK-Blue™ Glucagon cells
  • Guaranteed sterile 
  • No ultrasonication step needed
  • Endotoxin-tested 

 

Illustrations on this page were created with BioRender.com.

All products are for research use only, and not for human or veterinary use.

Binding of Glucagon to GCGR
Binding of Glucagon to GCGR

SPECIFICATIONS

Specifications

Source
Synthetic
Species
Human
Mouse
Rat
Hamster
Pig
Bovine
Rhesus monkey
Synonyms
GCG
CAS 16941-32-5 (swine)
CAS number
9007-92-5
Molecular weight
3482.75 g/mol (free base)
Purity
≥ 95 % (UHPLC)
Solubility

10 mM (34.8 mg/ml) in DMSO or physiological water

Appearance (form)
Lyophilized
Reconstitution buffer
See Technical Data Sheet (TDS)
Sterility

0.22 µm filtration, Sterility guaranteed

Endotoxin

The absence of bacterial contamination (e.g. lipoproteins and endotoxins) has been confirmed using HEK-Blue™ TLR2 and HEK‑Blue™ TLR4 cells.

Applications

Cellular assays (tested)

In vivo assays

Quality control

Each lot is functionally tested and validated.

Additional information

Chemical formula: C153H225N43O49S . CH3COOH
Short sequence: HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT
Salt form: Acetate

CONTENTS

Contents

  • Product: 
    Glucagon (1-29)
  • Cat code: 
    hlc-gcg
  • Quantity: 
    5 mg
Includes:

1.5 ml sterile endotoxin-free physiological water (NaCl 0.9%)

Shipping & Storage

  • Shipping method:  Room temperature

    • Storage:

    • -20°C
    • -80°C
    Stability: See Technical Data Sheet (TDS)

    Caution:

    • Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles

Details

GCGR signaling and metabolic regulation

Glucagon is a peptide hormone produced by pancreatic α cells and serves as a key counter-regulatory factor to insulin in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis [1]. It exerts its effects through the glucagon receptor (GCGR), a  G protein–coupled receptor expressed predominantly in hepatocytes. GCGR activation promotes hepatic glucose production between meals and regulates lipid metabolism by stimulating lipolysis and fatty-acid oxidation in the liver [1].

Although glucagon is not considered an incretin, as it is produced by pancreatic α cells rather than the gut, it belongs to the glucagon peptide family and shares structural and signaling similarities with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). In pancreatic β cells, activation of the GCGR stimulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, leading to protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP response element–binding protein (CREB) activation. Through this pathway, glucagon signaling modulates insulin secretion and β-cell responsiveness, using the same intracellular signaling axis as GLP-1R and GIPR [1,2].

Therapeutic relevance of Glucagon

When dysregulated, the glucagon–incretin hormonal network loses its homeostatic balance, contributing to impaired insulin secretion, altered lipid metabolism, hyperglycemia, and chronic low-grade inflammation observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes [1]. This understanding has guided the development of therapeutic strategies that modulate glucagon signaling in combination with incretin pathways.

Owing to the central role of glucagon in glucose and lipid metabolism, glucagon–GCGR signaling is extensively studied in metabolic research, particularly in combination with GLP-1 and GIP pathways [3]. This integrated understanding has contributed to the development of hormone-based therapeutic analogues for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, including GLP-1 receptor agonists such as semaglutide (Ozempic®, Wegovy®) and multi-receptor agonists such as, tirzepatide (Mounjaro®, Zepbound®) and retatrutide (LY3437943), which incorporates GCGR activation. These agents are designed to improve glycemic control, enhance insulin sensitivity, modulate lipid metabolism, and promote body weight reduction, thereby reshaping therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases [3].

1. Zeigerer A et al., 2021. Glucagon’s Metabolic Action in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol. 2021 Apr 1;11(2):1759-1783.
2. Müller TD et al., 2025. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Mol Metab. 95:102118.
3. Gutgesell RM et al. 2024. Dual and Triple Incretin-Based Co-agonists: Novel Therapeutics for Obesity and Diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2024 May;15(5):1069-1084.

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