c-di-AMP VacciGrade™ - STING-based Adjuvant

c-di-AMP bacterial cyclic di-nucleotide - Th1/Th2 response adjuvant

Cyclic diadenylate monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) produced by bacteria in which it functions as an essential second messenger [1]. It coordinates bacterial growth, cell wall stability, and responses to stress and plays a crucial role in the establishment of bacterial infection.

CDNs have been shown to increase vaccine potency [2]. CDNs activate innate immunity by directly binding the endoplasmic reticulum-resident receptor STING (stimulator of interferon genes), activating a signaling pathway that induces the expression of interferon-β (IFN-β) and also nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) dependent inflammatory cytokines [3, 4].

c-di-AMP exerts strong adjuvant activities when delivered by the mucosal route [5, 6].

c-di-AMP VacciGrade™ is a high-quality pre-clinical grade.

References:

1. Witte CE. et al., 2013. Cyclic di-AMP is critical for Listeria monocytogenes growth, cell wall homeostasis, and establishment of infection. MBio. 4(3):e00282-13.
2. Dubensky TW. et al., 2013. Rationale, progress and development of vaccines utilizing STING-activating cyclic dinucleotide adjuvants. Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines 1(4): 131-143.
3. Jin L. et al., 2011. MPYS is required for IFN response factor 3 activation and type I IFN production in the response of cultured phagocytes to bacterial second messengers cyclic-di-AMP and cyclic-di-GMP. J Immunol. 187(5):2595-601.
4. Burdette DL. et al., 2011. STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP. Nature. 478(7370):515-8.
5. Ebensen T. et al., 2011. Bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate: strong Th1/Th2/Th17 promoting mucosal adjuvant.Vaccine. 29(32):5210-20.
6. Škrnjug I. et al., 2014. The mucosal adjuvant cyclic di-AMP exerts immune stimulatory effects on dendritic cells and macrophages. PLoS One. 9(4):e95728.