HKST - TLR2/TLR4 Agonist

Heat Killed Salmonella typhimurium

HKST is a heat killed preparation of the flagellated Gram negative bacterium, Salmonella typhimurium.

Recognition of HKST is mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 [1-2].
TLR2 and TLR4 recognize cell wall components from HKST, such as peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α [1].

InvivoGen’s HKST is a potent agonist of TLR2 and TLR4.

References:

Lembo A. et al., 2003. Differential Contribution of Toll-Like Receptors 4 and 2 to the Cytokine Response to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in Mice. Infect Immun. 71(10):6058-62.
Arpaia N. et al., 2011. TLR signaling is required for virulence of an intracellular pathogen Cell, 144(5):675-688.