HKEB - TLR2 Agonist

Heat Killed E. coli 0111:B4

HKEB is a heat killed preparation of the gram negative bacterium, E.coli O111:B4. Cell wall components from this bacterium, such as peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are recognized by the toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 [1].

It has been demonstrated that HKEB can stimulate TLR2 and induce the production of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8 [2]. HKEB is a potent stimulator of TLR2 and TLR4. 

References:

1. Takeuchi O. et al., 1999. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity, 11(4):443-51.
2. van Riet E. et al., 2009. Combined TLR2 and TLR4 ligation in the context of bacterial or helminth extracts in human monocyte derived dendritic cells: molecular correlates for TH1/TH2 polarization. BMC Immunology, 10:9.