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Knockout of ALPK1 or TIFA in HEK-293 cells

The ALPK1-TIFA signaling axis is an important cytoplasmic surveillance pathway of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. To foster research on this pathway, InvivoGen provides cellular tools that have been generated from the parental HEK-Blue™ Null1-v Cells, a human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 derived cell line, through the stable knockout (KO) of the ALPK1 or TIFA gene. These cell lines express a secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) under the control of an NF-κB-inducible promoter. Levels of SEAP in the supernatant can be easily determined with HEK-Blue™ Detection, cell culture medium for real-time detection, or QUANTI-Blue™ detection reagent (see figures).

• HEK-Blue™ KO-ALPK1 Cells - Knockout (KO) of the ALPK1 gene

• HEK-Blue™ KO-TIFA Cells – Knockout (KO) of the TIFA gene

Unlike their parental cell line HEK-Blue™ Null1-v, both HEK Blue™ KO-ALPK1 and HEK Blue™ KO-TIFA cells do not respond to cytosolic ADP-Heptose. However, they do respond to other NF‑κB inducing cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β.

The ALPK1-TIFA signaling axis

ALPK1-TIFA signaling in HEK-Blue™ Null1-v cells

Alpha protein Kinase 1 (ALPK1) and TRAF interacting forkhead-associated protein A (TIFA) form an important cytoplasmic surveillance pathway of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria such as Shigella flexneri and Helicobacter pylori [1,2].

ALPK1 is a critical cytoplasmic alpha kinase responsible for the recognition and binding of bacterial sugar metabolites. ALPK1 recognizes and binds directly to the metabolic intermediates in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, the potent ADP-β-d-manno-heptose (ADP-Heptose) and the enzymatically converted d-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose-1,7-bisphosphate (HBP) [3]. ADP-Heptose and HBP can be delivered to the host cell cytoplasm in a number of different ways including type III and IV secretion systems (e.g. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and H. pylori, respectively), as well as by endocytosed bacteria [2-3]. Notably, ADP-Heptose can freely penetrate the cell membrane, whereas HBP requires the use of pore-forming agents [3, 4].

Activated ALPK1 phosphorylates TRAF interacting forkhead-associated protein A (TIFA), inducing its oligomerization and the formation of 'TIFAsomes', which in turn recruits and activates TRAF6. Ultimately, the ALPK1-TIFA signaling axis results in the initiation of an NF-κB dependent pro-inflammatory response [1-4].

Targeting this pathway will be important in the development of novel treatments for modulating inflammation caused by bacterial infection as well as diseases associated with its dysregulation such as gastric cancer.

Features of HEK-Blue™ KO-ALPK1 and KO-TIFA Cells:

Features of HEK-Blue™ Null1-v Cells:

Fully functional ALPK1-TIFA signaling pathway
Responds to the LPS-intermediary metabolite ADP-Heptose
Readily assessable NF-κB-dependent SEAP reporter activity

References:

1. Garcia-Weber, D. et al. 2018. ADP-heptose is a newly identified pathogen-associated molecular pattern of Shigella flexneri. EMBO Rep 19
2. Zimmermann, S. et al. 2017. ALPK1- and TIFA-Dependent Innate Immune Response Triggered by the Helicobacter pylori Type IV Secretion System. Cell Rep 20, 2384-2395.
3. Zhou, P. et al. 2018. Alpha-kinase 1 is a cytosolic innate immune receptor for bacterial ADP-heptose. Nature 561, 122-126.
4. Pfannkuch, L. et al. 2019. ADP heptose, a novel pathogen-associated molecular pattern identified in Helicobacter pylori. FASEB J, fj201802555R.

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