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TLR Ligands
The Largest Collection of TLR Agonists
Toll-like receptors recognize a wide variety of ligands, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), discriminating gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria from fungi and other pathogens. InvivoGen offers the most comprehensive choice of ligands known to activate specific TLRs, that can serve as controls in genetic and pharmaceutical studies on TLRs. InvivoGen strives to provide TLR ligands of the highest quality. All ligands are tested for induction on TLRs and endotoxin levels.
TLR ligands are provided individually or as TLR Agonist kits.
TLR2 is involved in the recognition of a wide array of microbial molecules representing broad groups of species such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as mycoplasma and yeast.
TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecular pattern associated with viral infection. Polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a synthetic analog of dsRNA, is the ligand of choice for TLR3.
TLR4 is the receptor for Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A, its toxic moiety. InvivoGen offers LPS from various bacteria and monophosphoryl lipid A.
TLR5 recognizes flagellin, the major component of the bacterial flagellar filament, from both Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. InvivoGen provides flagellin purified from B.subtilis (Gram+) and S.typhimurium (Gram-) bacteria and a new recombinant form.
TLR7 and TLR8 are involved in the response to viral infection. They recognize GU-rich short single-stranded RNA as well as small synthetic molecules such as imidazoquinolines and nucleoside analogues.
TLR9 recognizes specific unmethylated CpG-ODN sequences that distinguish microbial DNA from mammalian DNA. Three types of stimulatory ODNs have been described: type A, B and C. InvivoGen also provides inhibitory ODNs as well as control ODNs.
Labeled ligands are useful to study their cellular uptake and localization. InvivoGen offers CpG-ODNs that are labeled with FITC at their 3‘ terminus and E.coli lipopolysaccharide labeled with biotin.
NOD1 and NOD2 are intracellular pathogen-recognition molecules that sense bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN). InvivoGen provides insoluble and soluble PGNs from Gram- and Gram+ bacteria and bioactive fragments of PGN such as iE-DAP and MDP.
Double-stranded B DNA is a very potent inducer of type I interferons that is obtained by complexing the synthetic double-stranded DNA, poly(dAdT)•poly(dT-dA), with cationic lipids.
InvivoGen provides two known activators of the transcription factor NF-κB: Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA).
The TLR agonist kits represent convenient and economical tools to study the stimulation of the TLRs. Each kit contains several known agonists for a given TLR and allows to perform 100 tests (100 µl in a 96-well plate).